Sexism rife in textbooks, says Unesco

Image caption Unesco gathered examples of how textbooks could limit girls' expectations

Sexist attitudes are "rife" in school textbooks used in developing countries, according to Unesco.

The United Nations agency, marking International Women's Day, says negative stereotyping undermines the education of girls.
It says too often female figures are represented in textbooks as "nurturing drudges" in domestic roles.

This is a "hidden obstacle" to gender equality, says Unesco's Manos Antoninis.
Unesco has campaigned to provide education for tens of millions of children without access to school - and in many poorer countries girls are the most likely to miss out.
This report highlights how female characters frequently appear in a secondary role in the books they use at school - and warns that it limits girls' career expectations.

Image caption What do you want to do when you grow up? From a Turkish textbook

"Ensuring all boys and girls go to school is only part of the battle," says Manos Antoninis, from Unesco's global education monitoring report.
"What they are being taught is equally, if not more, important. Persistent gender bias in textbooks is sapping girls' motivation, self-esteem and participation in school."
With examples from countries in Asia and Africa, the report says that men in textbooks are more likely to be depicted as business leaders, shopkeepers, engineers, scientists and politicians, while women remain likely to be seen in roles such as cooking or childcare.
Apart from gender stereotyping, the study says that text books are much more likely to depict men than women - and that is even more pronounced in science or maths text books.

Image caption Textbook illustrations are criticised for perpetuating negative stereotypes

It says that in some cases only about one in 20 characters in science textbooks is female.
But the report says that there has been only slow progress in trying to get more equal representation.
It says there has been a lack of political will to pursue this and in some cases resistance from those responsible for school curricula or for producing textbooks.
Also marking International Women's Day is a report, Poverty is Sexist, from the development campaign group, One.
It says that gender inequality and poverty are interlinked, with women in poor countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, likely to be worse off than their male counterparts.

Image caption What does a politician look like? A textbook from DR Congo.

The report says there are half a billion women around the world who cannot read - two thirds of the global total. As an example, in Mali, 93% of girls will never attend school.
The campaign has drawn up a list of countries where it is "toughest to be born a girl", based on criteria such as access to health and education, economic opportunities, access to a bank account and political representation.
The top 10 in this ranking are: Niger, Somalia, Mali, Central African Republic, Yemen, DR Congo, Afghanistan, Cote d'Ivoire, Chad and Comoros.